
Lorsque l’on parle du Ghana, le premier nom qui s’impose à l’esprit est celui de Kwame Nkrumah. Cet homme au charisme légendaire a été le leader de la lutte indépendantiste ghanéenne dans les années 50, l’un des chantres du panafricanisme, avant de devenir pour tous les Africains un conquérant de la lutte anti colonialiste et un héros incontestable de l’histoire contemporaine.
Né en 1909 à Nkroful, dans la colonie britannique de la Côte d’Or et actuel Ghana, Kwame obtient son premier diplôme à 21 ans à l’Université d’Achimota dans le nord du pays. Il a la chance d’étudier aux États-Unis, où il obtient deux licences et un master en philosophie à l’Université de Pennsylvanie en 1942. Souhaitant être au centre des décisions qui concernent l’avenir de la Gold Coast, il décide de partir s’installer à Londres, où il participe alors grandement à l’organisation du 5e congrès panafricain, qui se tient à Manchester en 1945. Ami proche du fondateur du panafricanisme, l’Antillais George Padmore, Kwame Nkrumah verra sa fibre africaine prendre de l’ampleur et il travaillera afin de former une unité africaine. Il organisera d’ailleurs les 6e et 7e conférences panafricaines, cette fois-ci sur le sol de la Goald Coast. Révolté par les conditions de vie sous la colonisation dans son pays, il décide de se consacrer à la lutte pour l’indépendance en usant d’un moyen totalement inédit : la désobéissance. Cette implication lui vaut d’être incarcéré plusieurs fois jusqu’aux élections remportées par son parti en 1951. Devenu Premier ministre, Nkrumah oblige les Britanniques à accorder l’indépendance le 6 mars 1957 et rebaptise son pays «Ghana», rejetant le nom colonial de «Gold Coast». Il se plonge dans la rédaction d’une nouvelle constitution pour faire du premier pays de l’Afrique subsaharienne à avoir obtenu son indépendance une République. En avril 1960, le texte est ratifié et les premières élections le désignent comme président. En 1958, il soutient la Guinée indépendante de Sékou Touré, qui a rompu ses liens avec la France et doit faire face à des mesures de rétorsion financières.

À la tête du premier État indépendant d’Afrique, Nkrumah, exalté par ses nouvelles fonctions, se lance dans une furie reconstructrice. Le pays est en chantier à tous les niveaux. En 1958, la réunion des chefs d’État africains se tient à Accra sous sa direction et il affirme la nécessité pour l’Afrique «de développer sa propre communauté et sa personnalité» et son non-alignement aux deux blocs.
La politique extérieure de Nkrumah est toute entière dédiée à la construction de l’Unité africaine qu’il voit comme une fusion organique des États indépendants et non comme une simple coopération. Il entend promouvoir sa doctrine originale, le «consciencisme», ou «nkrumaïsme ». En 1963, Nkrumah sera ainsi l’un des pères fondateurs de l’Organisation de l’Union Africaine (OUA) qui, toutefois, délaissera vite les idées trop radicales du Ghanéen.
Afin de demeurer indépendant face aux puissances occidentales, Kwame décide d’industrialiser son pays avec l’argent et les emprunts de l’État, plutôt que de faire appel à des capitaux étrangers. Malheureusement, le marché du cacao traverse une première crise et le coût du barrage d’Akosombo pèse sur les caisses de l’État. Le Ghana sombre alors dans une crise financière qu’il n’avait à ce jour jamais connue et le ton monte entre le président et ses opposants.

La population mécontente descend dans la rue exprimer sa colère, mais elle est violemment réprimée. En 1962 et 1964, Nkrumah est victime de deux tentatives d’assassinat. Devenu paranoïaque, il emprisonne sans procès des ministres de son gouvernement qu’il soupçonne de complicité et s’entoure d’une armée de gardes du corps. Les grèves sont interdites et son administration est désormais autorisée à arrêter tous les suspects complotant contre lui. Il se déclare alors président à vie de la République du Ghana et instaure le parti unique.
En février 1966, lors d’un de ses voyages en Chine, l’armée procède à un coup d’État et le destitue. Les manifestations populaires explosent dans le pays pour célébrer sa chute. C’est la fin de Kwame Nkrumah qui ne retrouvera plus jamais le pouvoir. Il ne rentrera d’ailleurs jamais au Ghana. Il s’installe d’abord à Conakry, en Guinée, où il est nommé coprésident du pays par le chef d’État et ami, Ahmed Sékou Touré. Malade, il doit s’envoler pour Bucarest où il décède d’un cancer en avril 1972, à l’âge de 62 ans.
En cinq ans, Nkrumah a subi les revers du pouvoir, passant du rôle de héros adulé à celui du dictateur haï. Son œuvre reste cependant visible dans le pays et ses actions pour une Afrique unie et indépendante respectées. Il laisse derrière lui un riche héritage de courage et de lutte dans l’adversité quelque peu teinté d’ombre.
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