
La Mauritanie est un pays artistiquement très riche. En effet, les différentes ethnies présentes sur son sol lui garantissent une culture assez hétéroclite qui fait office de signature dans sa tradition populaire. De nombreux domaines sont représentés et leurs ambassadeurs sont ce que l’on pourrait qualifier de fierté nationale.
Le premier art qui inspire lorsque l’on fait référence à la Mauritanie est bien sûr le cinéma. En effet, la surprise est venue du réalisateur Abderrahmane Sissako, qui s’est fait remarquer par ses films, notamment « En attendant le bonheur » (2002), puis « Bamako » (2006).
L’apothéose a été le film « Timbuktu », tourné à Oualata et qui a remporté à Cannes en 2014 le Prix du jury œcuménique ainsi que le Prix François-Chalais récompensant les valeurs du journalisme. Il fut également récompensé par sept Césars en 2015, dont ceux du meilleur film et du meilleur réalisateur. Deux autres réalisateurs mauritaniens ont acquis une renommée internationale. Il s’agit de Sydney Sokhona, mais surtout de Med Hondo, qui a réalisé des films dénonçant l’oppression dont est victime le peuple sahraoui, l’esclavage, le racisme et l’émigration.
La musique mauritanienne est très multiculturelle. Les griots maures, aussi appelés les Iggawin, constituent la base de la musicalité mauresque. Ils sont membres d’une caste de la catégorie des artisans, qui sont les seuls à jouer et à chanter la musique traditionnelle, de manière professionnelle. Ils appartiennent à l’ethnie des Beidane, ou «Maures blancs». Leur art est hérité de la musique du Proche-Orient, avec quelques sonorités empruntées à la musique berbère et africaine. À cela s’ajoutent les deux types de musique propres aux «Maures noirs». Il s’agit du medh, chants à la gloire du Prophète Mahomet et le redh, musique de danse sur fond de tam-tam. Les deux artistes les plus célèbres sont originaires de familles iggawin, Dimi Mint Abba et Malouma.
La musique mauritanienne utilise plusieurs modes dans le but de véhiculer des émotions différentes en fonction du genre musical et de l’occasion pour laquelle il est utilisé. Le karr, qui est le mode de la joie, est utilisé pour les chants de louanges. Le faghou exprime la bile, utilisé pour les chants guerriers ou pour exprimer le courage, la fierté. Le siguim évoque la sensibilité, tandis que le beigi reflète la tristesse, la mélancolie ou la souffrance.
Les instruments classiques par excellence sont la tidinit, une sorte de luth à quatre cordes recouverte d’une peau tendue et munie d’un chevalet, exclusivement réservée aux hommes ; et l’ardîn, une harpe comportant une dizaine de cordes, réservée aux femmes. Elle est utilisée le plus souvent comme instrument à cordes, mais sert aussi d’instrument à percussion. À côté de ces deux instruments classiques, les griots utilisent le t’bol ou «tambour des sables», autrefois utilisé pour sonner le signal de guerre et employée uniquement dans le mode faghou. Le daghumma, calebasse évidée à ses deux extrémités et le rbab, petite vielle monocorde frottée à l’aide d’un archet, complètent la liste.
Les Maures harratines pratiquent une forme de danse assez spectaculaire, à mi-chemin entre tradition et modernité. Ils sont accompagnés de plusieurs instruments de musique, comme la guitare, le tam-tam ou de petites percussions. Ces danses, dont les plus connues sont la bleïda et la kashra, mettent en scène des représentations d’actes de la vie quotidienne. Les parties de chasse sont rejouées avec des danseurs y tenant le rôle du gibier et d’autres armés de fusils en bois incarnant les chasseurs. D’autres représentations illustrent le pouvoir des chefs ainsi que leur invincibilité. Dans tous les cas de figure, ces danses requièrent une condition physique et une souplesse irréprochables. Le groupe Lansar, originaire de la région du Trarza, est l’un des plus réputés en la matière.
Le henné est aussi un art représentatif du monde arabe et répond à plusieurs objectifs en Mauritanie. Il est aussi bien une protection contre les forces malfaisantes qu’un médicament et un soin de beauté. Par contre, il est exclusivement destiné à la gent féminine. Seuls les soins thérapeutiques sont communs aux deux sexes. En effet, les mains et les pieds des femmes sont, en de nombreuses occasions, parés de dessins absolument magnifiques, qui sont également un élément de séduction. Ce travail était habituellement le rôle des femmes de la caste des forgerons.
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