
Comment développer une architecture africaine moderne, audacieuse et ancrée dans les particularismes sociaux-culturels locaux ? La Nigérienne Mariam Kamara, qui représente une nouvelle génération de créateurs et de constructeurs africains, apporte ses réponses.
Pour relever les immenses défis proposés par la croissance démographique et les contraintes environnementales urbanistiques, les villes africaines, intelligentes ou pas, sont contraintes de se ré-inventer. Ce renouveau urbain inévitable passe forcément par l’innovation et l’audace, deux qualités que l’Afrique développe chez ses architectes les plus reconnus, comme My Chic Africa l’a déjà constaté. Le renouveau citadin passe aussi par une nouvelle réflexion sur l’architecture comme émanation culturelle et moyen d’expression identitaire.
Pour proposer des édifices aussi bien ouverts que fonctionnels et au service des solidarités communautaires et d’une immersion sociale, l’architecture africaine doit accepter d’être plus familière dans ses apparats, plus intime dans sa relation avec le matériau et plus respectueuse des spécificités locales, notamment climatiques et géographiques.
« L’architecture est profondément identitaire. Quel que soit l’endroit où on se trouve, c’est une manière de se représenter. C’est un signe, un message qu’on envoie aux autre sur qui on est », explique à Happy in Africa la lauréate des Global LafargeHolcim Awards. Récompensée avec Yasaman Esmaili pour un projet d’espace citoyen dans le village de Dandaji, Mariam Kamara, qui sera speaker au festival Design Indaba du Cap, fin février, est convaincue que comprendre le savoir-faire traditionnel est essentiel.
Pour celle qui travaille actuellement à Niamey sur la construction du premier immeuble de bureaux sur 4 niveaux en briques compressées de la capitale, respecter le matériau, c’est répondre à plusieurs questions : comment le faire évoluer ? Comment l’utiliser dans différents types et techniques d’architecture ? Comment penser des créations plus adaptées à la vie contemporaine ?
« Il faut comprendre comment vivent les gens, comment ils utilisent leurs espaces pour répondre parfaitement à leurs attentes et être plus créatif « , assure l’architecte, « repat » revenue au pays après des études aux Etats-Unis.
L’objectif final est limpide et enveloppé d’un bon sens trop longtemps oublié : exploiter les éléments afin de créer un environnement harmonieux au service des habitudes culturelles. « Les gens pensent qu’une maison ou un bâtiment construits en terre ne peuvent pas durer et sont voués à s’effondrer. Mais au Niger, on a la chance d’avoir des exemples de bâtiments et des maisons qui sont là depuis 300 ou 400 ans. Ils sont très bien conservés. On a des maisons familiales dans certaines villes qui sont très bien conservées et qui en sont à la 8è ou la 9è génération. C’est un exemple concret. Il faut le rappeler aux gens pour se débarrasser de ces préjugés« , explique à Africa News la créatrice du projet-pilote Niamey 2000.
Puisque l’utilisation de briques en terre compressée revient à 30% moins cher que celles en ciment importé, Mariam Kamara ambitionne de trouver la recette des mélanges de matériaux qui permettront un accès moins couteux à l’habitat. Derrière cette envie d’africanité, la jeune architecte nigérienne veut changer la représentation de l’Afrique à l’étranger en délestant la culture architecturale du continent d’un complexe d’infériorité devant tout ce qui vient de l’étranger.
« Au lieu de copier ce qui se fait en Europe, il faudrait se focaliser sur comment les espaces sont agencés pour servir notre manière culturelle d’avoir des relations les uns avec les autres, des relations de travail ou amicales, etc. Et d’utiliser ces matériaux locaux-là mais de façon high tech« , argumente dans Africa News la patronne du cabinet Atelier Masomi. Elle conclut : « Il y a toute une nouvelle génération d’architectes qui commencent à prendre ces problèmes au sérieux et dont on pourrait s’inspirer. Il y a par exemple Francis Kéré du Burkina Faso qui a fait beaucoup du point de vue architecture locale, mais dans l’innovation. C’est quelqu’un qui innove constamment en utilisant les matériaux locaux quelque soit l’endroit où se trouvent ses projets. Il y en a beaucoup d’autres comme Kunlé Adeyemi du Nigeria.«
Source: L’afritecture, un moyen d’expression identitaire | My Chic Africa
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