
Joseph Ki‐Zerbo est un historien, professeur, penseur et homme politique burkinabé. Il fut le premier Africain agrégé d’histoire et se distingue par un parcours intellectuel et académique exceptionnel. Sa contribution à l’Histoire de l’Afrique, au moment où certain la niait et la qualifiait d’inexistante, a permis d’abord à l’Afrique puis au monde, de prendre conscience de l’apport africain à l’histoire de l’humanité. Joseph Ki-Zerbo est et reste un esprit libre du XXème siècle ainsi qu’une lanterne qui a éclairé le passé de l’Afrique.
Né à Toma en Haute‐Volta, actuel Burkina Faso, le 21 juin 1922, Joseph Ki-Zerbo est le fils de Simon Alfred Diban Ki-Zerbo, considéré comme étant le premier chrétien du Burkina Faso. Joseph fréquente donc logiquement les écoles des missions catholiques puis le grand séminaire de Koumi, où il excelle dans les études à la surprise générale, le pays n’étant pas doté de structures éducatives compétentes. Ayant décroché son baccalauréat en 1949 à Dakar, il intègre l’Université de la Sorbonne, où il trouve sa voie : l’histoire. Puis il intègre l’Institut d’Etudes Politiques (IEP) de Paris. Il devient ainsi, en 1956, le premier Africain agrégé d’histoire.
Son amour pour l’histoire et pour l’Afrique le pousse à s’engager dans la politique pour la reconnaissance de l’histoire africaine. Il crée ainsi son premier parti politique, Le Mouvement pour la Libération nationale de l’Afrique, en 1958, avec ses camarades Cheikh Hamidou Kane et Albert Tévoédjré entre autres, militant pour la libération et l’unité africaine. Lorsque son pays obtient l’indépendance, il devient un acteur reconnu de l’opposition au régime instauré, militant pour la démocratie et l’unité africaine. Lors du référendum organisé par le général de Gaulle, son parti est d’ailleurs l’un des rares à prôner le non, et réclamer l’indépendance immédiate. Malheureusement, le oui l’emportant, Joseph et ses acolytes décident de se joindre à la Guinée de Sékou Touré, le seul pays à avoir massivement voté pour le non. A l’indépendance du Burkina en 1960, il retourne dans son pays pour enseigner et se place comme opposant au régime, entraînant la chute de Maurice Yaméogo, premier président de la Haute Volta en 1966.

En 1970, Joseph Ki-Zerbo est élu député sous les couleurs de son parti, le MLN. En 1978, il devient candidat à la première élection présidentielle de l’histoire de son pays, mais il sera évincé dès le premier tour. En 1983, Joseph Ki-Zerbo est contraint à l’exil par le pouvoir révolutionnaire de Thomas Sankara. Il se réfugie à Dakar où il devient titulaire de la chaire d’Histoire de l’université Cheikh Anta Diop (UCAD). A Ouagadougou, sa bibliothèque constituée de plus de 11 000 ouvrages est incendiée.
Il revient en 1992 et reconstitue sa formation politique sous le nom de PDP (Parti pour la démocratie et le progrès), qui s’impose comme le parti d’opposition le plus important du pays. Il devient un membre éminent du Conseil exécutif de l’UNESCO dans lequel il intervient régulièrement. Après l’assassinat du journaliste Norbert Zongo en 1998, il s’attèle à la création du Collectif des organisations démocratiques de masse et des partis politiques, afin de lutter contre l’impunité des crimes politiques et économiques.
En parallèle de son parcours politique et académique, Joseph Ki-Zerbo se lança dans la rédaction d’un ouvrage ambitieux : Histoire de l’Afrique noire, regroupant une synthèse sur l’histoire de l’Afrique qui sert aujourd’hui de référence. Il obtint par la suite de nombreuses récompenses. D’abord le prix Nobel alternatif en 1997 puis, en 2000, le prix Kadhafi des droits de l’homme et des peuples et, en 2004, le prix RFI Témoins du monde.
Auteur de nombreux articles et ouvrages, il finira ses jours entre ses livres, toujours possédé par sa passion pour l’histoire africaine. Il décédera d’une longue maladie le 4 décembre 2006.
Grand esprit du XXème siècle, le professeur Joseph Ki-Zerbo est incontestablement l’un des plus illustres penseurs de l’Afrique contemporaine qui auront marqué leur époque. Il aura réussi, par la force de ses écrits, à redonner à l’Afrique la place qui lui fut longtemps refusée et à replacer un espoir et une identité en chaque africain.
[…] Joseph Ki-Zerbo : une lumière historique africaine | Happy in Africa. Joseph Ki‐Zerbo est un historien, professeur, penseur et homme politique burkinabé. Il fut le premier Africain agrégé d’histoire et se distingue par un parcours intellectuel et académique exceptionnel. Sa contribution à l’Histoire de l’Afrique, au moment où certain la niait et la qualifiait d’inexistante, a permis d’abord à l’Afrique puis au monde, de prendre conscience de l’apport africain à l’histoire de l’humanité. Joseph Ki-Zerbo est et reste un esprit libre du XXème siècle ainsi qu’une lanterne qui a éclairé le passé de l’Afrique. […]
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