
Le wax est très apprécié dans nos contrées. Ce tissu qui ne passe plus inaperçu depuis déjà quelques décennies est devenu un véritable symbole de revendication d’une identité africaine. Désormais décliné sous plusieurs formes, de la tenue traditionnelle ou moderne au mobilier de maison en passant par la salle de bain, on assiste à un véritable renouveau de cette étoffe, avec des modèles et des motifs de plus en plus novateurs. Mais d’où nous vient donc ce tissu teint à la cire et dont la qualité exceptionnelle lui assure une cote sans accroc depuis tant d’années? Comment a-t-il conquis l’Afrique et le monde? Plongeons au cœur de ses fibres afin de rétablir la vérité sur sa provenance.
Avec ses motifs originaux et ses couleurs vives et chatoyantes, il est difficile de ne pas tomber amoureux devant une pièce de wax. Ces morceaux de coton imprimés des deux côtés tirent leur nom d’une ingénieuse technique qui utilise la cire afin de mieux fixer les couleurs. Le tissu a conquis toute l’Afrique et son pouvoir de séduction atteint aujourd’hui les pays occidentaux, créant une véritable révolution dans le monde de la mode, du design et de la décoration d’intérieur. Mais qu’en est-il réellement de ses origines?

Certains récits relatent qu’il proviendrait d’Indonésie. À la fin du 19e siècle, des colonisateurs anglais et hollandais s’inspirent du batik javanais en imprimant sur cette nouvelle étoffe des motifs très colorés qui séduisent les Africains.
L’idée aurait en premier conquis les soldats ghanéens combattant pour la Hollande, qui convoite Java, Bornéo et Sumatra. Flairant la bonne affaire, au moment du départ, ils rentrent chez eux les valises pleines du nouveau tissu. Le succès est immédiat : les couleurs vives et les dessins révolutionnaires plaisent énormément.
Les fabricants européens exportent alors le wax vers le Ghana, qui devient le détenteur du marché dans tout l’ouest de l’Afrique. Les commerçants des alentours se rendent à Accra pour s’approvisionner, développant ainsi le commerce du wax dans toute la sous-région.
L’impérialisme du Ghana sur le wax prend fin dans les années 60, lorsque le président Kwame N’Krumah fait construire une usine de textile et instaure des droits de douane prohibitifs envers les exportateurs de wax européens. Comme ils ne peuvent plus vendre leurs produits aussi avantageusement qu’auparavant, ceux-ci décident donc de se tourner vers les commerçants togolais. L’engouement pour le tissu s’étend alors progressivement tout le long de la côte Atlantique, de l’Afrique Centrale jusqu’en République Démocratique du Congo, fixant les prémisses d’une longue histoire d’amour entre les Africains et ce tissu venu d’ailleurs.

Le pagne en wax n’est plus seulement un vêtement, mais un instrument de référence, un signe de reconnaissance sociale ou ethnique et un symbole reconnu et admis par tous. Il est décliné en plusieurs qualités afin que les moins nantis puissent aussi se le payer. Les grands événements de la vie : fiançailles, mariage, cérémonie de baptême, de confirmation, cérémonie de fin d’apprentissage, anniversaire, funérailles, fêtes nationales… sont marqués par la «sortie» d’un nouveau modèle, dont on garde précieusement un échantillon en souvenir. Un modèle marque l’appel du 18 juin 1940, un autre, l’accession du Bénin à l’indépendance, un autre encore, la visite du Général de Gaulle en Afrique. Divers noms sont donnés aux modèles sortis, toutes provenances confondues : « Tu sors, je sors », sur ce modèle, on voit un oiseau sortir d’un nid et un autre prêt à le suivre, « feuilles de piment », le motif est d’un fond jaune avec des feuilles, « mon mari est capable », « ton pied mon pied », « quand femme passe les hommes trépassent », « l’œil de ma rivale », « z’yeux voient, bouche parle pas »… Les femmes élégantes du Togo, du Bénin, d’Abidjan rivalisent d’imagination pour baptiser le dernier modèle qu’elles convoitent, et d’ingéniosité pour être les premières à le porter.
Malgré ce succès foudroyant, le pagne wax connaît un léger déclin dans les années 80, supplanté par les jeans et les tee-shirts «made in China» qui envahissent le marché ouest-africain. Petit à petit, les jeunes et certains adultes se détournent du pagne wax qui coûte excessivement cher. Ce n’est que grâce à la styliste béninoise Gisèle Gomez, qui va lancer la mode du wax en créant un grand nombre de vêtements à partir de ce tissu, que le wax va retrouver le chemin des couturiers de ces dames.

Il est actuellement de plus en plus demandé et fait son apparition tantôt sur les tapis rouges, porté par des stars internationales à l’occasion d’événements culturels majeurs, tantôt dans des défilés de haute-couture, mis de l’avant par des mannequins de renommée.
Plus récemment, de nouvelles créations l’ont utilisé pour habiller le mobilier, donnant ainsi une touche de fraîcheur originale à un intérieur qui s’en retrouve personnalisé.
On peut donc dire que le wax a encore de beaux jours devant lui et que très clairement, dans les années à venir, il parviendra à séduire de plus en plus de pays et pourquoi pas, de conquérir l’Asie et le Moyen-Orient.
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